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Liu H 2. Affiliations 2 authors 1. Share this article Share with email Share with twitter Share with linkedin Share with facebook. Abstract The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with or without Bacillus subtilis B. Free full text. Front Vet Sci. Published online Nov PMID: Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer.
Hu Liu nc. This article was submitted to Animal Nutrition and Metabolism, a section of the journal Frontiers in Veterinary Science.
Received Aug 31; Accepted Oct The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. XLSX 72K. Keywords: Bacillus subtilis , broiler, carcass trait, meat quality, amino acid, fatty acid.
Introduction The widespread use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of resistant bacteria and drug residues in animal products, which directly or indirectly endangers human's health and environmental safety 1, 2.
Materials and Methods Birds, Experimental Design, Diets, and Management The experimental procedures involving animals were reviewed and approved by the animal welfare committee of the Guizhou Normal University Guiyang, China. Table 1 Composition and nutrient level of basal diet as feed basis.
Ingredients 1—21 days 22—42 days Corn Open in a separate window. Carcass Traits At the end of the feeding trial, the diet was removed 12 h before slaughter.
Meat Quality Assessment Meat quality was assessed by determining pH, meat color, drip loss, shear force N , and cooking loss of the breast and thigh muscle.
Chemical Composition Analysis Muscle samples were cut into slices, dried in a vacuum-freeze dryer, and then ground into powder. Results Carcass Traits The effects of B. Table 2 Effects of Bacillus subtilis supplementation on carcass traits of broiler chickens. Meat Quality The effects of B. Table 3 Effects of Bacillus subtilis supplementation on meat quality of broiler chickens.
Meat Chemical Composition The effects of B. Table 4 Effects of Bacillus subtilis supplementation on conventional chemical composition of broiler chickens. Meat Fatty Acid Composition The fatty acid contents in breast muscle and thigh muscle are presented in. Discussion In the present study, we mainly investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with B. Conclusions In conclusion, dietary supplementation with B. Conflict of Interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's Note All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Acknowledgments We thank Prof. Kangning Xiong for kindly revising the paper and financial support. References 1.
Food Chem. Chicken egg yolk antibodies IgY as non-antibiotic production enhancers for use in swine production: a review. J Anim Sci Biotechn. Meat quality traits and proteome profile of woody broiler breast pectoralis major meat. Poult Sci. Effects of dietary supplementation of probiotic, clostridium butyricum , on growth performance, immune response, intestinal barrier function, and digestive enzyme activity in broiler chickens challenged with escherichia coli k J Anim Sci Biotechnol.
Clostridium butyricum modulates the microbiome to protect intestinal barrier function in mice with antibiotic-induced dysbiosis.
The use of probiotics as eco-friendly alternatives for antibiotics in poultry nutrition. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. Dietary bacillus subtilis-based direct-fed microbials alleviate LPS-induced intestinal immunological stress and improve intestinal barrier gene expression in commercial broiler chickens.
Res Vet Sci. Dietary effects of commercial probiotics on growth performance, digestibility, and intestinal morphometry of broiler chickens. Trop Anim Health Prod.
Effects of inclusion of bacillus subtilis Gallipro to energy- and protein-reduced diet on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and meat quality and gas emission in broilers. Enterococcus faecium NCIMB supplementation improves the meat quality and antioxidant capacity of muscle of broilers.
J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. Effects of probiotic Bacillus subtilis supplementation on meat quality characteristics of breast muscle from broilers exposed to chronic heat stress. Supplemental effects of probiotic bacillus subtilis fmbJ on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and meat quality of broiler chickens.
The effects of the supplementation of bacillus subtilis RX7 and B2A strains on the performance, blood profiles, intestinal salmonella concentration, noxious gas emission, organ weight and breast meat quality of broiler challenged with salmonella typhimurium. Screening for bacillus isolates in the broiler gastrointestinal tract. Appl Environ Microbiol. Screening of differentially expressed immune-related genes from spleen of broilers fed with probiotic bacillus cereus PAS38 based on suppression subtractive hybridization.
Effect of dietary probiotic, bacillus coagulans, on growth performance, chemical composition, and meat quality of Guangxi Yellow chicken. Sarao LK, Arora M.
Probiotics, prebiotics, and microencapsulation: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. The use of bacterial spore formers as probiotics. Effect of bacillus subtilis DSM on performance, digestibility, intestine morphology, and pH in broiler chickens. J Appl Poult Res. Selection and characterization of probiotic lactic acid bacteria and its impact on growth, nutrient digestibility, health and antioxidant status in weaned piglets. Effect of bacillus subtilis C spores as a probiotic feed supplement on growth performance, noxious gas emission, and intestinal microflora in broilers.
Bacillus subtilis induces a shift in broiler gut microbiome toward butyrate-producing bacteria and improves intestinal histomorphology and animal performance. Dietary administration of the bacillus subtilisenhances immune responses and disease resistance in chickens. Front Microbiol. No deliveries.
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The device was a commercial failure, due mainly to its inaccuracy and its high price point. Both EA and Sega released multitaps to allow more than the standard two players to play at once. In response to complaints about this, Sega publicly stated, "We have been working hard to resolve this problem since we learned of it", and that a new Team Player which would work with all multitap games for the console would be released shortly.
Sega Mega Modem peripheral, which allowed access to the Sega Meganet service. In its first foray into online gaming , Sega created Sega Meganet , which debuted in Japan on November 3, Operating through a cartridge and a peripheral called the "Mega Modem ," this allowed Mega Drive players to play a total of seventeen games online.
A North American version, dubbed "Tele-Genesis," was announced but never released, [] though a version was operated in Brazil starting in Using a special peripheral, Genesis players could download a game from a library of fifty each month and demos for upcoming releases.
Games were downloaded to internal memory and deleted when the console was powered off. The Sega Channel reached , subscribers at its peak and ran until July 31, , well past the release of the Sega Saturn.
In an effort to compete with Sega, third-party developer Catapult Entertainment created the XBAND , a peripheral which allowed Genesis players to engage in online competitive gaming. The following year, the service was extended to the SNES, and Catapult teamed up with Blockbuster Video to market the service, but as interest in the service waned, it was discontinued in April Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
The Genesis library was initially modest, but eventually grew to contain games to appeal to all types of players. The initial pack-in game was Altered Beast , which was later replaced with Sonic the Hedgehog in A large part of the appeal of the Genesis library during the console's lifetime was the arcade -based experience of its games, as well as more difficult entries such as Ecco the Dolphin , and sports games such as Joe Montana Football.
However, as the Genesis continued to grow in popularity, Capcom eventually ported a version of Street Fighter II to the system known as Street Fighter II: Champion Edition , [] that would go on to sell over a million copies.
Although the arcade game was released on the SNES and Genesis simultaneously, the two ports were not identical. The SNES version looked closer to the arcade game, but the Genesis version allowed players to bypass censorship, helping make it more popular.
The Super NES can have enhancement chips inside each cartridge to produce more advanced graphics; for example, the launch game Pilotwings contains a digital signal processor.
It was first used in Star Fox for real-time 3D polygons, and Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island demonstrates rotation, scaling, and stretching of individual sprites and manipulates large areas of the screen.
Sega had produced such effects on its arcade platforms, and adapted some to the home console by developing the Sega Virtua Processor SVP. Based on a Samsung digital signal processor core, this chip enables the Genesis to render polygons in real time and provides an "Axis Transformation" unit that handles scaling and rotation.
Virtua Racing is the only game released with this chip and the only Genesis cartridge with any enhancement chip, running at a significantly higher and more stable frame rate than filled polygon games on the SNES. Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "[". Genesis model 2 with the Sega CD 2 and 32X add-ons attached. In addition to accessories such as the Power Base Converter, the Genesis supports two add-ons that each support their own game libraries.
By , compact discs had gained in popularity as a data storage device for music and software. PCs and video game companies had started to make use of this technology. The Mega-CD sold only , units during its first year in Japan, falling well below expectations. Although many consumers blamed its high launch price, it also suffered from a tiny software library; only two games were available at launch. This was due in part to the long delay before Sega made its software development kit available to third-party developers.
In , Sega announced a shift in focus to its new console, the Saturn, and discontinued advertising for Genesis hardware. The Sega CD sold 2. With the release of the Saturn scheduled for , Sega began developing a stopgap to bridge the gap between the Genesis and Saturn and serve as a less expensive entry into the bit era.
One idea came from a concept from Sega Enterprises, "Project Jupiter," a new standalone console. Miller suggested an alternative strategy, citing concerns with releasing a new console with no previous design specifications within six to nine months.
Although the new unit was a stronger console than originally proposed, it was not compatible with Saturn games. Sega of America now was faced with trying to market the 32X with the Saturn's Japan release occurring simultaneously. Their answer was to call the 32X a "transitional device" between the Genesis and the Saturn. The 32X was released in November , in time for the holiday season. Demand among retailers was high, and Sega could not keep up orders for the system.
After an early run on the peripheral, news soon spread to the public of the upcoming release of the Sega Saturn, which would not support the 32X's games. The Saturn was released on May 11, , [] four months earlier than its originally intended release date of September 2, In early , Sega conceded that it had promised too much out of the 32X and decided to stop producing the system in order to focus on the Saturn.
A number of bootleg clones were created during its lifespan. In , Sega introduced a smaller, lighter version of the console, [] known as the Mega Drive 2 in Japan, Europe, and Australia [lower-alpha 2] and simply sold as Genesis without the Sega prefix in North America.
Late in the bit era, Sega released a handheld version of the Genesis called the Genesis Nomad. Its design was based on the Mega Jet, a Mega Drive portable unit featured on airplane flights in Japan. As the only successor to the Game Gear , the Nomad operates on 6 AA batteries , displaying its graphics on a 3.
Sega also produced three arcade system boards based on the Mega Drive: the System C-2, the MegaTech, and the MegaPlay, which support approximately 80 games combined. Although the LaserActive was lined up to compete with the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer , the combined price of the system and the Mega-LD pack made it a prohibitively expensive option for Sega players.
After the Genesis was discontinued, Majesco Entertainment released the Genesis 3 as a budget version in This version was more akin to the second first-party model, being noteworthy the inclusion of six-button controllers and a switch to alternate between different game regions, enabling this version to play all games without the need for any device or modification to bypass region locking. The GameTap subscription gaming service included a Genesis emulator and had several dozen licensed Genesis games in its catalog.
Compilations of Genesis games have been released for other consoles. The Guitar Idol game contains a mix of Brazilian and international songs. The console has 87 built-in games, including some from Electronic Arts based on the mobile phone versions.
The console has 15 games built-in and is region-free, allowing cartridge games to run regardless of their region.
Streets of Rage composer Yuzo Koshiro provided the menu music. The console was released on September 19, Crowdfunded Sega Mega Drive games have been released in recent years, with Tanglewood , a puzzle platformer being released on August 14, , and Xeno Crisis released on October 28th, Both games were created by indie-game developers using actual Sega development hardware to ensure compatability with the Mega Drive.
Commenting that the Genesis hardware was aging and the new software drying up, they recommended consumers buy a next generation system or a Genesis Nomad instead, but also advised those who already owned a Genesis to not sell it. While their chief criticisms were the lack of upcoming game releases and dated hardware, they also concurred that the Genesis was clearly inferior to the Super NES in terms of graphics capabilities, sound chip, and games library.
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